A Systematic Review on Alzheimer’s Disease

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative condition, leads to dementia and cognitive decline. This study’s aim is to understand to most prevalent etiology based on Amyloid hypothesis, Tau Hypothesis and microbiological perspective and the Impaired TGF-β1 signalling, systemic inflammation in pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease. To compare between the diagnostic device with their accuracy, sensitivity and specification. To identify and evaluate all significant randomized controlled trials in order to compare the effects of any pharmacological treatment for Alzheimer's disease patients to placebo. (RCTs). This study has included most of the review paper which has published in PubMed, The Cochrane Library during the year 2013 to April 2023. We included all unconfounded, double‐blind, randomized, controlled trials in which treatment with anti-alzheimer’s agents were administered to patients with the Alzheimer disease for 24 weeks to 52 weeks. Inclusion criteria: reports with ≥ 50 patients with both sporadic and familial AD. Among 2908 records were retrieved from the systemic database search 57 studies have meet the inclusion criteria (1.96%). The microbiological hypothesis that neurotropic members of the Herpesviridae family influence the neuropathology of AD is now supported by new findings. Impaired TGF-β1 signalling and systemic inflammation can also increasing the risk of AD. In the previous studies already mentioned It is possible to detect abnormalities in the brains of AD patients using a variety of brain imaging techniques, like as PET, MRI, and CT scans, which are thought of as screening tests for illness. But majority studies revealed their accuracy, sensitivity and specification is not satisfactory. In this study briefly analyze the revised diagnosis standards for alzheimer’s disease and the use of amyloid biomarkers test mentioned by NIAAA. Several study can’t advice 18F-FDG PET, 11C-PIB-PE biomarkers for the routine use. Some studies also found that the MoCA-BC orientation test has strong sensitivity and specificity for identifying MCI, mild AD, and moderate-severe AD. Several studies revealed many major class of drug like cholinesterase inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitor, monoclonal antibodies, aggregation inhibitors, endogenous antioxidant which are beneficial to treat mild to moderate AD. But the most drug has less safe and efficient. But the most recent studies have underlined that the oral hydromethylthionine mesylate has a favourable safety profile. The precise reasons, the method of diagnosis, and the safe and efficient medication for the treatment of AD need to be determined through further research.