Abstract:
COVID-19, regarded as the deadliest virus of the 21st century, has claimed the lives of
millions of people around the globe in less than two years. Since the virus initially affects the lungs
of patients, X-ray imaging of the chest is helpful for effective diagnosis. Any method for automatic,
reliable, and accurate screening of COVID-19 infection would be beneficial for rapid detection and
reducing medical or healthcare professional exposure to the virus. In the past, Convolutional Neural
Networks (CNNs) proved to be quite successful in the classification of medical images. In this study,
an automatic deep learning classification method for detecting COVID-19 from chest X-ray images is
suggested using a CNN. A dataset consisting of 3616 COVID-19 chest X-ray images and 10,192 healthy
chest X-ray images was used. The original data were then augmented to increase the data sample
to 26,000 COVID-19 and 26,000 healthy X-ray images. The dataset was enhanced using histogram
equalization, spectrum, grays, cyan and normalized with NCLAHE before being applied to CNN
models. Initially using the dataset, the symptoms of COVID-19 were detected by employing eleven
existing CNN models; VGG16, VGG19, MobileNetV2, InceptionV3, NFNet, ResNet50, ResNet101,
DenseNet, EfficientNetB7, AlexNet, and GoogLeNet. From the models, MobileNetV2 was selected
for further modification to obtain a higher accuracy of COVID-19 detection. Performance evaluation
of the models was demonstrated using a confusion matrix. It was observed that the modified
MobileNetV2 model proposed in the study gave the highest accuracy of 98% in classifying COVID-19
and healthy chest X-rays among all the implemented CNN models. The second-best performance
was achieved from the pre-trained MobileNetV2 with an accuracy of 97%, followed by VGG19 and
ResNet101 with 95% accuracy for both the models. The study compares the compilation time of the
models. The proposed model required the least compilation time with 2 h, 50 min and 21 s. Finally,
theWilcoxon signed-rank test was performed to test the statistical significance. The results suggest
that the proposed method can efficiently identify the symptoms of infection from chest X-ray images
better than existing methods.