Control Variables: A Review and Proposed Guidelines

Abstract

Although the considerable body of research on control variables offers best practice recommendations, there are still shortcomings in their application in published research papers. Consequently, a significant proportion of quantitative studies lack rigor in how they apply control variables. Additionally, existing literature on control variables is primarily technical, with a noticeable lack of accessible guidance that could benefit both seasoned and novice researchers. In fact, there is a need for more elaboration in non-technical terms to enhance our understanding of effective control variable usage. Therefore, the objectives of this editorial are twofold. First, we elaborate on five key issues related to control variables, including a clear, easy-to-understand explanation of what a control variable is, its advantages and complications, and the issues associated with under-or over-controlling variables. Second, we provide guidelines that are easy to follow for any researcher, whether experienced or novice. In doing so, we clarify several ambiguities and offer straightforward explanations of issues related to control variables. We hope that these guidelines will assist researchers—whether lecturers or students—by providing clear directions on the appropriate use of control variables. © 2024 Journal of Applied Structural Equation Modeling.