Nutrient Intake Disparities Among Urban Pregnant Women:

Abstract

Pregnancy necessitates significant physiological changes, heightening the nutritional requirements for both the mother and fetus. Inadequate nutrition during this critical period can lead to adverse outcomes for maternal and fetal health. Despite global recognition of the importance of proper nutrition during pregnancy. The objective of the study is to understand dietary habits and nutrient intake among pregnant women which is essential for addressing deficiencies and optimizing health outcomes. This observational study aimed to investigate the dietary habits and nutrient intake of Bangladeshi women attending an urban maternity center in Dhaka. More specifically to examine the food intake patterns of pregnant women, assess the nutrient intake of the pregnant participants, evaluate the intake of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, and vitamins among the study subjects, investigate variations in mineral, vitamin, fat, and carbohydrate intakes based on trimester differences and to compare the nutrient intakes with established requirements to identify potential deficiencies. The study engaged pregnant women from Dhaka's slum areas in their second and third trimesters, assessing demographic variables, health complications, food intake patterns, and macro and micronutrient intake levels. Findings revealed a diverse population with variations in socioeconomic backgrounds and dietary habits. Health complications such as low back pain, iron deficiency, and diabetes were prevalent among participants, underscoring the need for targeted interventions. Rice emerged as a staple food, with disparities in dietary diversity observed based on education levels. While carbohydrate intake generally met recommendations, deficiencies in protein and micronutrient intake were evident. The study revealed significant variations in macronutrient and micronutrient intake among pregnant women in Dhaka. On average, carbohydrate intake was 112.58g ± 43.48g per day, protein intake was 55.22g ± 12.39g per day, fat intake was 19.98g ± 8.40g per day, and calcium intake was 260.17mg ± 180.54mg per day. Most women faced iodine deficiency, and a majority experienced difficulty while eating, with 73% reporting tastelessness. Fish and egg consumption were common, with maximum levels at 150g/day. However, calcium intake fell short of recommended levels, with only 9% meeting the daily requirement of 1200mg/day. Protein intake exceeded recommended levels, with some women consuming up to 81.26g/day. Similarly, vitamin A and C intake surpassed safe limits, indicating potential risks of excessive supplementation. These findings underscore the need for tailored nutritional interventions to address deficiencies and ensure optimal maternal and fetal health outcomes. These findings emphasize the importance of culturally sensitive interventions to address nutritional deficiencies and promote optimal maternal and fetal health outcomes. Comprehensive antenatal care incorporating nutritional assessment, education, and intervention is crucial for addressing socioeconomic disparities and improving health outcomes in urban settings like Dhaka. This study provides valuable insights for future research and interventions aimed at enhancing the nutritional status of pregnant women in similar contexts