Advancements in Epilepsy Management: A Comprehensive Review of Causes, Pharmacological, and Non-Pharmacological Strategies

Abstract

Epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, affects approximately 50 million people worldwide, making it one of the most common neurological conditions globally. These seizures result from abnormal electrical activity in the brain, leading to a wide range of symptoms that can vary in severity and frequency among individuals. Epilepsy management represents a multifaceted challenge, requiring a nuanced understanding of both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the intricate landscape of epilepsy care, exploring the efficacy, safety, and potential benefits of various treatment modalities. While antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) serve as the foundation of pharmacological management, our analysis highlights the limitations and complexities inherent in their use, including adverse effects and drug resistance. To complement pharmacotherapy, alternative therapies such as dietary interventions, neurostimulation techniques, and lifestyle modifications offer promising avenues for individuals with drug-resistant epilepsy or intolerable side effects from AEDs. Moreover, recent innovations in epilepsy management, such as wearable devices and precision therapies, are reshaping the landscape of care delivery, providing new opportunities for personalized and targeted interventions. By adopting a holistic approach that integrates both pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies, individuals with epilepsy can be supported in their pursuit of seizure freedom and improved quality of life. However, significant challenges persist, underscoring the ongoing need for research, innovation, and collaborative efforts to address the diverse needs and complexities of epilepsy care. This review serves as a comprehensive guide for clinicians, researchers, and individuals affected by epilepsy, offering insights into the current state of epilepsy management and paving the way for future advancements in care delivery.