Exploring cataracts: A comprehensive review of etiology, diagnosis, and therapeutic approaches

Abstract

Cataracts represent a prevalent ocular condition characterized by the clouding of the eye's natural lens, contributing significantly to global visual impairment, particularly among the elderly population. This comprehensive review aims to provide a detailed examination of cataracts, covering various aspects including etiology, diagnosis, therapeutic approaches, and future directions. Diagnostic modalities for cataracts are comprehensively reviewed, ranging from visual acuity assessment to advanced imaging techniques such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) and ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM). These modalities offer valuable insights into cataract severity, location, and morphology, guiding treatment decisions and optimizing patient care. The review then delves into the diverse therapeutic approaches available for cataract management. Surgical interventions, such as phacoemulsification with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation, remain the gold standard for cataract removal, offering safe, effective, and predictable outcomes. Pharmacotherapy, lifestyle modifications, and emerging regenerative therapies are also explored for their potential in managing early-stage cataracts and preventing progression. Lastly, future directions in cataract research are outlined, focusing on innovative diagnostic modalities, therapeutic interventions, and efforts to enhance accessibility to cataract care, particularly in underserved regions. Overall, this comprehensive review provides valuable insights for clinicians, researchers, and policymakers alike, facilitating advancements in cataract management and patient care.