A review on atherosclerosis: etiology, complications and treatment strategies

Abstract

Atherosclerosis is a complex and multifactorial disease characterized by the progressive buildup of plaque within arterial walls, leading to narrowing and obstruction of blood vessels. This study provides a comprehensive examination of the etiology, complications, and therapeutic interventions for atherosclerosis, aiming to enhance understanding of disease pathophysiology and inform evidence-based management strategies. Complications associated with atherosclerosis, including coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, peripheral arterial disease (PAD), and aneurysm formation, significantly contribute to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Lifestyle modifications, pharmacological interventions, interventional procedures, and surgical interventions represent key therapeutic strategies for managing atherosclerosis and reducing cardiovascular risk. Lifestyle modifications, such as dietary changes, regular exercise, smoking cessation, and stress management, play a crucial role in reducing cardiovascular risk factors and improving vascular health. Pharmacological interventions, including statins, antihypertensive agents, and antiplatelet therapy, target specific aspects of the disease process and have demonstrated efficacy in reducing cardiovascular events and mortality. Interventional procedures, such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and surgical interventions like coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), offer options for revascularization in individuals with symptomatic or high-risk atherosclerotic lesions. This study underscores the importance of comprehensive risk factor assessment, personalized treatment approaches, and multidisciplinary management strategies in optimizing outcomes for individuals with atherosclerosis